1923 – 1979

The Colonial Era

A legislature designed for a minority, marked by restrictive laws and the rise of the liberation struggle.

1923: First Legislature

An assembly of 30 members was established, but strict income and property qualifications effectively excluded the Black majority from participating.

Discriminatory Constitutions

The 1961 Constitution created a two-tiered voter roll (‘A’ & ‘B’) to favor European representation, while the 1969 constitution entrenched minority rule.

1965: Unilateral Declaration (UDI)

The Rhodesian Front government declared independence from Britain, escalating the liberation struggle.

1979 – 1980

Birth of a Nation

Intense liberation struggle and international pressure lead to landmark negotiations.

1979: Lancaster House Agreement

A pivotal all-party conference in Britain resulted in a new constitution, a ceasefire, and elections based on universal adult suffrage, ending colonial rule and paving the way for an independent Zimbabwe.

1980 – Present

Post-Independence Era

An era of significant transformation, multi-party democracy, and landmark constitutional changes.

Key Constitutional Milestones

• 1987: Reserved racial seats abolished.
• 1989: Senate temporarily abolished (Unicameral).
• 2005: Senate re-introduced (Bicameral).
• 2013: New home-grown Constitution with women’s quotas.
• 2022: Youth & Women’s quotas extended.

2008

The Hung Parliament

For the first time, no single party won an absolute majority, leading to a coalition government under the Global Political Agreement (GPA).

2008 Hung Parliament Results

ZANU PF
99
MDC-T
100
MDC
10
Ind.
1

2017

Impeachment of a President

In a historic moment for constitutionalism, Parliament initiated impeachment proceedings against President Robert Mugabe, which led to his resignation.

Ongoing

Parliamentary Reforms

A continuous drive towards a more transparent, participatory, and effective legislature.

• Portfolio Committees: Established to effectively scrutinize government policies and actions.
• Civic Participation: Introduction of public hearings and live broadcasts to increase transparency.
• Budget Office (2016): Created for independent analysis of the national budget.
• ISO 9001 Certification: Achieved for quality management systems.